[−][src]Trait futures::prelude::Future

pub trait Future {
    type Output;
    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, lw: &LocalWaker) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
}
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futures in libcore are unstable

A future represents an asynchronous computation.

A future is a value that may not have finished computing yet. This kind of "asynchronous value" makes it possible for a thread to continue doing useful work while it waits for the value to become available.

The poll method

The core method of future, poll, attempts to resolve the future into a final value. This method does not block if the value is not ready. Instead, the current task is scheduled to be woken up when it's possible to make further progress by polling again. The wake up is performed using cx.waker(), a handle for waking up the current task.

When using a future, you generally won't call poll directly, but instead await! the value.

Associated Types

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futures in libcore are unstable

The result of the Future.

Required Methods

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futures in libcore are unstable

Attempt to resolve the future to a final value, registering the current task for wakeup if the value is not yet available.

Return value

This function returns:

Once a future has finished, clients should not poll it again.

When a future is not ready yet, poll returns Poll::Pending and stores a clone of the LocalWaker to be woken once the future can make progress. For example, a future waiting for a socket to become readable would call .clone() on the LocalWaker and store it. When a signal arrives elsewhere indicating that the socket is readable, [LocalWaker::wake] is called and the socket future's task is awoken. Once a task has been woken up, it should attempt to poll the future again, which may or may not produce a final value.

Note that on multiple calls to poll, only the most recent LocalWaker passed to poll should be scheduled to receive a wakeup.

Runtime characteristics

Futures alone are inert; they must be actively polled to make progress, meaning that each time the current task is woken up, it should actively re-poll pending futures that it still has an interest in.

The poll function is not called repeatedly in a tight loop-- instead, it should only be called when the future indicates that it is ready to make progress (by calling wake()). If you're familiar with the poll(2) or select(2) syscalls on Unix it's worth noting that futures typically do not suffer the same problems of "all wakeups must poll all events"; they are more like epoll(4).

An implementation of poll should strive to return quickly, and must never block. Returning quickly prevents unnecessarily clogging up threads or event loops. If it is known ahead of time that a call to poll may end up taking awhile, the work should be offloaded to a thread pool (or something similar) to ensure that poll can return quickly.

LocalWaker, Waker and thread-safety

The poll function takes a LocalWaker, an object which knows how to awaken the current task. LocalWaker is not Send nor Sync, so in order to make thread-safe futures the LocalWaker::into_waker method should be used to convert the LocalWaker into a thread-safe version. LocalWaker::wake implementations have the ability to be more efficient, however, so when thread safety is not necessary, LocalWaker should be preferred.

Panics

Once a future has completed (returned Ready from poll), then any future calls to poll may panic, block forever, or otherwise cause bad behavior. The Future trait itself provides no guarantees about the behavior of poll after a future has completed.

Implementations on Foreign Types

impl<'a, F> Future for AssertUnwindSafe<F> where
    F: Future, 
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impl<P> Future for Pin<P> where
    P: DerefMut,
    <P as Deref>::Target: Future, 
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impl<'a, F> Future for &'a mut F where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized, 
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impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized, 
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impl<'a, T> Future for BiLockAcquire<'a, T>
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impl<'a, St> Future for SelectNextSome<'a, St> where
    St: Unpin + Stream + FusedStream, 
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impl<St> Future for TryConcat<St> where
    St: TryStream,
    <St as TryStream>::Ok: Extend<<<St as TryStream>::Ok as IntoIterator>::Item>,
    <St as TryStream>::Ok: IntoIterator,
    <St as TryStream>::Ok: Default, 
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impl<Fut, T> Future for UnitError<Fut> where
    Fut: Future<Output = T>, 
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impl<F> Future for JoinAll<F> where
    F: Future + Unpin,
    <F as Future>::Output: Unpin, 
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impl<St, Fut, F> Future for ForEachConcurrent<St, Fut, F> where
    F: FnMut(<St as Stream>::Item) -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = ()>,
    St: Stream, 
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impl<St, Fut, F> Future for TryForEachConcurrent<St, Fut, F> where
    F: FnMut(<St as TryStream>::Ok) -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = Result<(), <St as TryStream>::Error>>,
    St: TryStream, 
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Implementors

impl<'_, A> Future for ReadToEnd<'_, A> where
    A: AsyncRead + ?Sized, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<'_, R> Future for Read<'_, R> where
    R: AsyncRead + ?Sized, 
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impl<'_, R> Future for ReadExact<'_, R> where
    R: AsyncRead + ?Sized, 
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impl<'_, R, W> Future for CopyInto<'_, R, W> where
    R: AsyncRead + ?Sized,
    W: AsyncWrite + ?Sized, 
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impl<'_, Si> Future for futures::sink::Close<'_, Si> where
    Si: Unpin + Sink + ?Sized, 
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impl<'_, Si> Future for futures::sink::Flush<'_, Si> where
    Si: Unpin + Sink + ?Sized, 
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impl<'_, Si> Future for Send<'_, Si> where
    Si: Unpin + Sink + ?Sized, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<'_, Si, St> Future for SendAll<'_, Si, St> where
    Si: Unpin + Sink + ?Sized,
    St: Stream<Item = <Si as Sink>::SinkItem> + Unpin + ?Sized, 
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impl<'_, St> Future for Next<'_, St> where
    St: Unpin + Stream, 
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impl<'_, St> Future for TryNext<'_, St> where
    St: Unpin + TryStream, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<'_, W> Future for futures::io::Close<'_, W> where
    W: AsyncWrite + ?Sized, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable

impl<'_, W> Future for futures::io::Flush<'_, W> where
    W: AsyncWrite + ?Sized, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable

impl<'_, W> Future for WriteAll<'_, W> where
    W: AsyncWrite + ?Sized, 
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impl<'a, T> Future for FutureObj<'a, T>
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impl<'a, T> Future for LocalFutureObj<'a, T>
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impl<'a, T> Future for MutexLockFuture<'a, T>
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impl<F> Future for OptionFuture<F> where
    F: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for MaybeDone<Fut> where
    Fut: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for Compat01As03<Fut> where
    Fut: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for Abortable<Fut> where
    Fut: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for CatchUnwind<Fut> where
    Fut: Future + UnwindSafe, 
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impl<Fut> Future for Flatten<Fut> where
    Fut: Future,
    <Fut as Future>::Output: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for Fuse<Fut> where
    Fut: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for IntoFuture<Fut> where
    Fut: TryFuture, 
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impl<Fut> Future for Remote<Fut> where
    Fut: Future, 
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impl<Fut> Future for Shared<Fut> where
    Fut: Future,
    <Fut as Future>::Output: Clone, 
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impl<Fut, E> Future for ErrInto<Fut, E> where
    Fut: TryFuture,
    <Fut as TryFuture>::Error: Into<E>, 
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impl<Fut, F> Future for Inspect<Fut, F> where
    F: FnOnce(&<Fut as Future>::Output),
    Fut: Future, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut, F> Future for UnwrapOrElse<Fut, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut as TryFuture>::Error) -> <Fut as TryFuture>::Ok,
    Fut: TryFuture, 
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impl<Fut, F, E> Future for MapErr<Fut, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut as TryFuture>::Error) -> E,
    Fut: TryFuture, 
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impl<Fut, F, T> Future for Map<Fut, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut as Future>::Output) -> T,
    Fut: Future, 
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impl<Fut, F, T> Future for MapOk<Fut, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut as TryFuture>::Ok) -> T,
    Fut: TryFuture, 
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impl<Fut1, Fut2> Future for Join<Fut1, Fut2> where
    Fut1: Future,
    Fut2: Future, 
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impl<Fut1, Fut2> Future for TryJoin<Fut1, Fut2> where
    Fut1: TryFuture,
    Fut2: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>, 
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impl<Fut1, Fut2, F> Future for AndThen<Fut1, Fut2, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut1 as TryFuture>::Ok) -> Fut2,
    Fut1: TryFuture,
    Fut2: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>, 
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impl<Fut1, Fut2, F> Future for OrElse<Fut1, Fut2, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error) -> Fut2,
    Fut1: TryFuture,
    Fut2: TryFuture<Ok = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Ok>, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut1, Fut2, F> Future for Then<Fut1, Fut2, F> where
    F: FnOnce(<Fut1 as Future>::Output) -> Fut2,
    Fut1: Future,
    Fut2: Future, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3> Future for Join3<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3> where
    Fut1: Future,
    Fut2: Future,
    Fut3: Future, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3> Future for TryJoin3<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3> where
    Fut1: TryFuture,
    Fut2: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>,
    Fut3: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4> Future for Join4<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4> where
    Fut1: Future,
    Fut2: Future,
    Fut3: Future,
    Fut4: Future, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4> Future for TryJoin4<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4> where
    Fut1: TryFuture,
    Fut2: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>,
    Fut3: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>,
    Fut4: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>, 
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impl<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4, Fut5> Future for Join5<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4, Fut5> where
    Fut1: Future,
    Fut2: Future,
    Fut3: Future,
    Fut4: Future,
    Fut5: Future, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable

impl<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4, Fut5> Future for TryJoin5<Fut1, Fut2, Fut3, Fut4, Fut5> where
    Fut1: TryFuture,
    Fut2: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>,
    Fut3: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>,
    Fut4: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>,
    Fut5: TryFuture<Error = <Fut1 as TryFuture>::Error>, 
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impl<R, F> Future for Lazy<F> where
    F: FnOnce(&LocalWaker) -> R, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St> Future for Concat<St> where
    St: Stream,
    <St as Stream>::Item: Extend<<<St as Stream>::Item as IntoIterator>::Item>,
    <St as Stream>::Item: IntoIterator,
    <St as Stream>::Item: Default, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St> Future for StreamFuture<St> where
    St: Unpin + Stream, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, C> Future for Collect<St, C> where
    C: Default + Extend<<St as Stream>::Item>,
    St: Stream, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, C> Future for TryCollect<St, C> where
    C: Default + Extend<<St as TryStream>::Ok>,
    St: TryStream, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, Fut, F> Future for ForEach<St, Fut, F> where
    F: FnMut(<St as Stream>::Item) -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = ()>,
    St: Stream, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, Fut, F> Future for TryForEach<St, Fut, F> where
    F: FnMut(<St as TryStream>::Ok) -> Fut,
    Fut: TryFuture<Ok = (), Error = <St as TryStream>::Error>,
    St: TryStream, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, Fut, T, F> Future for Fold<St, Fut, T, F> where
    F: FnMut(T, <St as Stream>::Item) -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = T>,
    St: Stream, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, Fut, T, F> Future for TryFold<St, Fut, T, F> where
    F: FnMut(T, <St as TryStream>::Ok) -> Fut,
    Fut: TryFuture<Ok = T, Error = <St as TryStream>::Error>,
    St: TryStream, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<St, Si> Future for Forward<St, Si> where
    Si: Sink + Unpin,
    St: Stream<Item = Result<<Si as Sink>::SinkItem, <Si as Sink>::SinkError>>, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<T> Future for Receiver<T>
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<T> Future for Empty<T>
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<T> Future for Ready<T>
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<T> Future for RemoteHandle<T> where
    T: 'static + Send, 
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futures in libcore are unstable

impl<T, F> Future for PollFn<F> where
    F: FnMut(&LocalWaker) -> Poll<T>, 
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🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (futures_api)

futures in libcore are unstable